Asia's Mad Arms Race Chạy đua vũ trang điên cuồng ở châu Á

Asia's Mad Arms Race	Chạy đua vũ trang điên cuồng ở châu Á
Conn Hallinan	Conn Hallinan
05/29/2012	29-05-2012
Asia is currently in the middle of an unprecedented arms race that is not only sharpening tensions in the region but also competing with efforts by Asian countries to address poverty and growing economic disparity. The gap between rich and poor -- calculated by the Gini coefficient that measures inequality -- has increased from 39 percent to 46 percent in China, India, and Indonesia. Although affluent households continue to garner larger and larger portions of the economic pie, "Children born to poor families can be 10 times more likely to die in infancy" than those from wealthy families, according to Changyong Rhee, chief economist of the Asian Development Bank.	Châu Á hiện đang chạy đua vũ trang chưa từng có, đây không chỉ là cuộc đua căng thẳng dữ dội trong khu vực mà còn là sự cạnh tranh của các nước châu Á với những nỗ lực nhằm giải quyết sự chênh lệch giữa đói nghèo và phát triển kinh tế. Khoảng cách giữa người giàu và người nghèo – được tính bằng hệ số Gini, đo sự bất bình đẳng – đã tăng từ 39% đến 46% ở Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, và Indonesia. Mặc dù các gia đình giàu vẫn tiếp tục có được nhiều của cải hơn và nhận được phần lớn hơn trong chiếc bánh kinh tế, “Trẻ em sinh ra trong những gia đình nghèo có khả năng tử vong khi còn là trẻ sơ sinh có thể lớn hơn gấp 10 lần” so với những em được sinh ra trong các gia đình giàu có, theo Changyong Rhee, trưởng kinh tế gia thuộc Ngân hàng Phát triển Châu Á.
Guns Over Ghee This inequality trend is particularly acute in India, where life expectancy is low, infant mortality high, education spotty, and illiteracy widespread, despite that country's status as the third-largest economy in Asia, behind China and Japan. According to an independent charity, the Naandi Foundation, some 42 percent of India's children are malnourished. Bangladesh, a far poorer country, does considerably better in all these areas.	Súng đạn nhiều hơn thực phẩm Xu hướng bất bình đẳng này đặc biệt sâu sắc ở Ấn Độ, nơi tuổi thọ trung bình thì thấp và tỷ lệ tử vong ở trẻ sơ sinh thì cao, nền giáo dục chắp vá, mù chữ phổ biến rộng rãi, cho dù tình trạng của đất nước là nền kinh tế lớn thứ ba ở châu Á, sau Trung Quốc và Nhật Bản. Theo một tổ chức từ thiện độc lập, Quỹ Naandi, khoảng 42% trẻ em Ấn Độ bị suy dinh dưỡng. Bangladesh, một đất nước nghèo khó hơn, nhưng ở tất cả các lĩnh vực này thì tốt hơn nhiều.
And yet last year India was the world's leading arms purchaser, exemplified by a $20 billion purchase of high-performance French fighter planes. India is also developing a long-range ballistic missile capable of carrying multiple nuclear warheads, as well as buying submarines and surface craft. Its military budget is set to rise 17 percent this year to $42 billion.	Năm ngoái, Ấn Độ là nước mua vũ khí hàng đầu trên thế giới, đã mua máy bay chiến đấu hiệu suất cao của Pháp, với số hàng trị giá 20 tỷ đô la. Ấn Độ cũng đang chế tạo loại tên lửa đạn đạo tầm xa có khả năng mang nhiều đầu đạn hạt nhân, cũng như mua tàu ngầm và tàu chạy trên mặt nước. Ngân sách quân sự của Ấn gia tăng 17 % trong năm nay, lên tới 42 tỷ đô la.
"It is ridiculous. We are getting into a useless arms race at the expense of fulfilling the needs of poor people," Praful Bidwai of the Coalition of Nuclear Disarmament and Peace told The New York Times.	“Thật là nực cười. Chúng ta đang chạy đua vũ trang vô nghĩa, bằng chi phí của những người nghèo”, ông Praful Bidwai, thuộc Liên minh Giải trừ Vũ khí Hạt nhân và Hòa Bình đã nói với báo The New York Times.
China, too, is in the middle of an arms boom that includes beefing up its navy, constructing a new generation of stealth aircraft, and developing a ballistic missile that is potentially capable of neutralizing U.S. carriers near its coast. Beijing's arms budget has grown at a rate of some 12 percent a year and, at $106.41 billion, is now the second-largest on the planet. The overall U.S. budget for national security -- not counting the various wars Washington is embroiled in -- runs a little more than $800 billion, although some have estimated it at more than $1 trillion.	Trung Quốc cũng đang gia tăng việc mua vũ khí, gồm tăng cường hải quân, chế tạo một máy bay tàng hình thế hệ mới, và chế tạo một tên lửa đạn đạo có khả năng vô hiệu hóa tàu sân bay Mỹ đến gần bờ biển của họ. Ngân sách quân sự của Bắc Kinh gia tăng với tốc độ khoảng 12% một năm, khoảng 106,41 tỷ đô la, lớn thứ hai trên hành tinh. Tổng ngân sách dành cho an ninh quốc gia của Mỹ – không tính các cuộc chiến tranh khác mà Washington đang tham gia, hơn 800 tỷ đô la, mặc dù một số người ước tính ngân sách này nhiều hơn 1.000 tỷ đô la.
Although China has made enormous strides in overcoming poverty, some 250 million Chinese officially are still considered poor, and the country's formerly red-hot economy is cooling. "Data on April spending and output put another nail into hopes that China's economy is bottoming out," Mark Williams, chief Asia economist at Capital Economics, told the Financial Times.	Mặc dù Trung Quốc có những bước tiến lớn trong việc xóa đói giảm nghèo, nhưng khoảng 250 triệu người Trung Quốc chính thức được coi là nghèo, và nền kinh tế nóng hổi của đất nước trước đây thì đang nguội. “Các số liệu chi tiêu và sản lượng trong tháng 4 chưa thấy hy vọng rằng nền kinh tế của Trung Quốc đang chạm đáy”, Mark Williams, trưởng kinh tế gia châu Á tại Capital Economics, nói với báo Financial Times.
The same is true for most of Asia. For instance, India's annual economic growth rate has fallen from 9 percent to 6.1 percent over the past two and a half years.	Điều này cũng đúng đối với hầu hết các nước ở châu Á. Ví dụ, tốc độ tăng trưởng kinh tế hàng năm của Ấn Độ đã giảm từ 9% xuống còn 6,1% trong hai năm rưỡi qua.
Regional Tensions Tensions between China and other nations in the region have set off a local arms race. Taiwan is buying four U.S.-made Perry-class guided missile frigates, and Japan has shifted much of its military from its northern islands to face southward toward China.	Căng thẳng trong khu vực Căng thẳng giữa Trung Quốc và các nước khác trong khu vực làm gia tăng một cuộc chạy đua vũ trang trong vùng. Đài Loan đang mua bốn tàu khu trục có tên lửa dẫn đường loại Perry, do Mỹ sản xuất, và Nhật Bản đã chuyển phần lớn lực lượng quân sự của họ từ các hòn đảo phía bắc sang phía nam, đối diện với Trung Quốc.
The Philippines are spending almost $1 billion on new aircraft and radar, and recently held joint war games with the United States. South Korea has just successfully tested a long-range cruise missile. Washington is reviving ties with Indonesia's brutal military because the island nation controls the strategic seaways through which pass most of the region's trade and energy supplies.	Philippines đang bỏ ra gần 1 tỉ đô la để mua máy bay và radar mới, và gần đây tiến hành tập trận chung với Hoa Kỳ. Nam Triều Tiên vừa thử nghiệm thành công một tên lửa hành trình tầm xa. Washington đang phục hồi quan hệ quân sự với Indonesia do đảo quốc này kiểm soát các đường biển chiến lược mà hầu hết việc vận chuyển thương mại và cung cấp năng lượng trong khu vực đi ngang qua đó.
Australia is also re-orienting its defense to face China, and Australian Defense Minister Stephen Smith has urged "that India play the role it could and should as an emerging great power in the security and stability of the region."	Úc cũng đang tái định hướng quốc phòng về phía đối mặt với Trung Quốc và ông Stephen Smith, Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng Úc đã kêu gọi Ấn Độ “giữ vai trò mà họ có thể và vai trò mà họ nên giữ, như một cường quốc đang trỗi dậy đối với an ninh và ổn định trong khu vực”.
But that "role" is by no means clear, and some have read Smith's statement as an attempt to rope New Delhi into a united front against Beijing. The recent test of India's Agni V nuclear-capable ballistic missile is largely seen as directed at China.	Nhưng “vai trò” đó không có gì là rõ ràng, và một số người đã xem tuyên bố của ông Smith là một nỗ lực để kéo New Delhi vào một mặt trận thống nhất chống lại Bắc Kinh. Thử nghiệm tên lửa đạn đạo hạt nhân Agni V gần đây của Ấn Độ phần lớn được xem như nhắm vào Trung Quốc.
India and China fought a brief but nasty border war in 1962, and India claims China is currently occupying some 15,000 square miles of Indian territory. The Chinese, in turn, claim almost 40,000 square miles of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Although Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh says that "overall our relations [with China] are quite good," he also admits "the border problem is a long-standing problem."	Ấn Độ và Trung Quốc đã đánh nhau trong một cuộc chiến biên giới ngắn ngủi nhưng kinh hoàng hồi năm 1962, và Ấn Độ tuyên bố Trung Quốc hiện đang chiếm khoảng 15.000 dặm vuông lãnh thổ của Ấn Độ. Ngược lại, Trung Quốc, tuyên bố gần như toàn bộ 40.000 dặm vuông của bang Arunachal Pradesh, Ấn Độ là của họ. Mặc dù ông Manmohan Singh, Thủ tướng Ấn Độ, nói rằng “nói chung, quan hệ của chúng tôi [với Trung Quốc] là khá tốt”, nhưng ông cũng thừa nhận “vấn đề biên giới là một vấn đề lâu dài”.
India and China also had a short dust up last year when a Chinese warship demanded that the Indian amphibious assault vessel Airavat identify itself shortly after the ship left the port of Hanoi, Vietnam. Nothing came of the incident, but Indian President Pratibha Patil has since stressed the need for "maritime security" and "the protection of our coasts, our 'sea lines of communications,' and the offshore development areas."	Ấn Độ và Trung Quốc cũng đã cãi nhau ngắn ngủi hồi năm ngoái khi một tàu chiến Trung Quốc yêu cầu tàu tấn công đổ bộ của Ấn Độ Airavat nhận diện chính họ, ngay sau khi con tàu này rời khỏi cảng ở Hà Nội, Việt Nam. Không có gì xảy ra trong vụ việc này, nhưng kể từ đó, Tổng thống Ấn Độ Pratibha Patil đã nhấn mạnh sự cần thiết về “an ninh hàng hải” và “bảo vệ bờ biển của chúng tôi, các ‘tuyến đường giao thông trên biển’, và các khu vực phát triển ngoài khơi”.
China's forceful stance in the South China Sea has stirred up tensions with Vietnam, Taiwan, Brunei, and Malaysia as well. A standoff last month between a Philippine warship and several Chinese surveillance ships at Scarborough Shoal is still on a low simmer.	Lập trường mạnh mẽ của Trung Quốc ở biển Đông đã gây căng thẳng với Việt Nam, Đài Loan, Brunei, và Malaysia. Một sự đối đầu giữa một tàu chiến của Philippines và nhiều tàu giám sát của Trung Quốc tại bãi cạn Scarborough hồi tháng trước vẫn còn đang được kềm chế ở mức độ thấp.
China's more assertive posture in the region stems largely from the 1995-96 Taiwan Straits crisis that saw two U.S. carriers humiliate Beijing in its home waters. There was little serious danger of war during the crisis -- China does not have the capability to invade Taiwan -- but the Clinton administration took the opportunity to demonstrate U.S. naval power. China's naval build-up dates from that incident.	Thái độ của Trung Quốc quyết đoán hơn trong khu vực phần lớn bắt nguồn từ cuộc khủng hoảng ở eo biển Đài Loan năm 1995-1996, khi hai tàu sân bay Hoa Kỳ làm bẽ mặt Bắc Kinh trong vùng biển của họ. Rủi ro để có thể xảy ra chiến tranh trong cuộc khủng hoảng này thì không lớn – Trung Quốc không có khả năng xâm lược Đài Loan – nhưng chính phủ Clinton đã có cơ hội để chứng minh sức mạnh hải quân của Mỹ. Trung Quốc gia tăng sức mạnh hải quân kể từ sự kiện đó.
The recent "pivot" by Obama administration toward Asia, including a military buildup on Wake and Guam and the deployment of 2,500 Marines in Australia, has heightened tensions in the region, and Beijing's heavy-handedness in the South China Sea has given Washington an opening to insert itself into the dispute.	Sự “chuyển hướng” của chính phủ Obama về phía châu Á, gồm việc gia tăng quân sự ở đảo Wake và đảo Guam, triển khai 2.500 lính thủy quân lục chiến ở Úc, đã gia tăng căng thẳng trong khu vực, và việc xử lý vấn đề biển Đông một cách cứng rắn của Bắc Kinh, đã mở ra cho Washington cánh cửa để bước vào tranh chấp.
China is prickly about its home waters -- one can hardly blame it, given the history of the past 100 years -- but there is no evidence that it is expansionist. A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said in February, "No country, including China, has claimed sovereignty over the entire South China Sea." Nor does Beijing seem eager to use military force. Beijing has drawn some lessons from its disastrous 1979 invasion of Vietnam.	Trung Quốc có cảm thấy khó chịu về vùng biển nhà của họ – người ta có thể hiểu điều đó, đưa ra lịch sử 100 năm qua – nhưng không có bằng chứng là họ bành trướng. Một phát ngôn viên Bộ Ngoại giao Trung Quốc đã nói hồi tháng 2, “Không có nước nào, kể cả Trung Quốc, đã tuyên bố chủ quyền trên toàn bộ biển Hoa Nam”. Bắc Kinh dường như chưa sẵn sàng sử dụng lực lượng quân sự. Bắc Kinh đã học được vài bài học từ cuộc xâm lược Việt Nam thảm khốc năm 1979.
On the other hand, Beijing is seriously concerned about who controls the region's seas, in part because some 80 percent of China's energy supplies pass through maritime choke points controlled by the United States and its allies.	Mặt khác, Bắc Kinh rất lo ngại về những nước kiểm soát vùng biển trong khu vực, một phần là vì khoảng 80% nguồn cung cấp năng lượng của Trung Quốc đi qua điểm mấu chốt trên biển, do Hoa Kỳ và các đồng minh của họ kiểm soát.
Eisenhower's Warning The tensions in Asia are real, if not as sharp or deep as they have been portrayed in the U.S. media. China and India do, indeed, have border "problems," but China also describes itself and New Delhi as "not competitors but partners," and has even offered an alliance to keep "foreign powers" -- read: the United States and NATO -- from meddling in the region.	Cảnh báo của Eisenhower Sự căng thẳng ở châu Á là có thật, nếu không phải nói là gay gắt và sâu xa như các phương tiện truyền thông Hoa Kỳ mô tả. Trung Quốc và Ấn Độ thật sự có “vấn đề” về biên giới nhưng Trung Quốc cũng coi chính họ và New Delhi “không phải là đối thủ cạnh tranh mà là đối tác”, và thậm chí đã đề nghị làm liên minh để giữ không cho “các cường quốc bên ngoài” – được hiểu là: Hoa Kỳ và NATO – can thiệp vào khu vực.
The real question is, can Asia embark on an arms race without increasing the growing gulf between rich and poor and the resulting political instability that is likely to follow in its wake? "Widening inequality threatens the sustainability of Asian growth," says Asian Development Bank economist Rhee. "A divided and unequal nation cannot prosper."	Câu hỏi thực sự là, liệu châu Á có thể lao vào một cuộc chạy đua vũ trang mà không làm gia tăng hố sâu ngăn cách giữa người giàu và người nghèo ngày càng gia tăng và với kết quả là sự bất ổn chính trị có khả năng theo sau? “Sự bất bình đẳng ngày càng lớn sẽ đe dọa sự tăng trưởng bền vững ở châu Á. Một quốc gia bị chia rẽ và bất bình đẳng không thể là một nước thịnh vượng”, ông Rhee, kinh tế gia thuộc Ngân hàng Phát triển Châu Á, nói.
More than half a century ago, former General and President Dwight Eisenhower noted that "every gun that is made, every warship that is launched, every rocket fired signifies ... a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, [from] those who are cold and are not clothed ... this is not a way of life at all ... it is humanity hanging from an iron cross." Americans have ignored Eisenhower's warning. Asian nations would do well to pay attention.	Hơn nửa thế kỷ trước, Tổng thống và là Tổng Tư lệnh tối cao Dwight Eisenhower đã lưu ý rằng: “Mỗi khẩu súng được chế tạo, mỗi tàu chiến được hạ thủy, mỗi tên lửa được phóng ra, đều có nghĩa là… một hành vi trộm cắp từ những người đói khổ mà không có ăn, từ những người bị lạnh mà không mặc… cuộc sống hoàn toàn không phải là như thế… đó chính là đem nhân loại lên treo trên cây thánh giá”. Người Mỹ đã bỏ qua lời cảnh báo của tổng thống Eisenhower. Các nước châu Á sẽ làm tốt nếu chú ý.
	Translated by Dương Lệ Chi

中国留学生十八大前致胡锦涛习近平的公开信 THƯ NGỎ CỦA LƯU HỌC SINH TRUNG QUỐC GỬI HỒ CẨM ĐÀO VÀ TẬP CẬN BÌNH TRƯỚC ĐẠI HỘI 18

中国留学生十八大前致胡锦涛习近平的公开信	THƯ NGỎ CỦA LƯU HỌC SINH TRUNG QUỐC GỬI HỒ CẨM ĐÀO VÀ TẬP CẬN BÌNH TRƯỚC ĐẠI HỘI 18
(博讯北京时间2012年5月30日)	Boxun - 30.5.2012
我们是一群来自中国的留美学生，我们有幸接受了两种不同教育，也在两种不同的社会中生活。中国共产党是中国大陆唯一的长期的执政党，中国的现代化和民主化，离开共产党是完全难以想象的。因此，在中国共产党第十八次代表大会召开之前，我们决定向二位共产党现任和未来的最高领导人发出这封公开信。	Chúng tôi là một nhóm lưu học sinh ở Mỹ tới từ TQ, chúng tôi có may mắn được tiếp nhận hai nền giáo dục khác nhau, và cũng được sống trong hai xã hội khác nhau. Đảng cộng sản Trung Quốc là Đảng cầm quyền lâu dài duy nhất ở Trung Quốc đại lục, hiện đại hóa và dân chủ hóa của Trung Quốc mà tách rời Đảng cộng sản là điều hoàn toàn khó lòng hình dung nổi. Vì thế, trước ngày Đại hội 18 của Đảng cộng sản Trung Quốc khai mạc, chúng tôi quyết định gửi bức thư ngỏ này tới hai vị lãnh đạo tối cao đương nhiệm và tương lai của Đảng cộng sản.

THE ORIGINS OF AIDS - NGUỒN GỐC CỦA AIDS (2004) - documentary-phim tài liệu

 

THE ORIGINS OF AIDS - NGUỒN GỐC CỦA AIDS (2004) - documentary-phim tài liệu

Directors: Peter Chappell, Catherine Peix

Producers: Christine Le Goff, Arnie Gelbart, Michel Chepon, Christine Pireaux

Co-production of Canada, France, Belgium, Spain

Tonight on Witness. Did scientists inadvertently cause the AIDS epidemic?

Edward Hooper: An experimental oral polio vaccine that was prepared, I believe, in chimpanzee kidneys and chimpanzee blood and which was fed to over a million Africans, correlates so precisely with the first appearances of AIDS.

Could it have been the polio vaccine? And why the scientists are so ready to dismiss this possibility?

Dr. Robin Weiss: We go by evidence. And in the end hard evidence wins the day.

THE ORIGINS OF AIDS. Exploring thе theory that won't go away!

26 million dead. 40 million infected. And the continent of Africa devastated. In 20 years AIDS has become the worst medical catastrophy ever experienced by humankind!

Dr. Cecil Fox - Pathologist, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, USA: When you only think that a hundred million people in the next 50 years are going to die of HIV disease! Prematurely! It's not a disease like cancer of old people! It's a disease of young people! And it's one of the great human tragedies of all time. The west has ignored it, Ronald Reagan ignored it, George Bush-senior ignored it, Bill Clinton ignored it and it has spread and spread and spread and spread...

The origins of AIDS remain a mistery about which the scientific community has long kept silent. Is it lack of interest or fear of knowing? A few lone voices have asked the question and attempted to break this coat of silence.

By following in the footsteps of these dedicated men into the heart of Africa where it all began, we were able to relocate the places, trails and witnesses of one of the worst tragedies we've ever known.

THE ORIGINS OF AIDS

HIV - the causitive virus of AIDS was first isolated in 1983 by Luke Montagnie's team at the "Pasteur Institute" in Paris. Simon Wain Hobson was part of the team.

Dr. Simon Wain Hobson - Virologist, Director of Molecular Retrovirus Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, France: When this first came, people saw that this came from nowhere, necessitated sort of novel explanations. And noone really knew, there was no cousin if you wish to this sort of virus, not in the animal kingdom at that point.

But a cousin did exist! And in France in 1989 researchers identified it among chimpanzees. They named it SIV - the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, analogous of HIV - the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The two viruses similarities prompted the researchers to designate SIV as HIV's ancestor.

Dr. Simon Wain Hobson: And the intermediate precursor to this virus going around the world, is chimpanzees. We all agreed on that. We can discuss when, why, how, but we all agree on chimpanzee. So, when... I think there's a consensus to say it's this century, where - clearly the epicentre is the northern Uganda.

This region in the heart of chimpanzee country was part of the Belgian Congo during the 1950s. Proffesor Vandepitte, a Belgium phisician, collected human blood samples there in 1959 and gave them to a collegue to test many years later.

Joseph Vandepitte - Microbiologist, Proffesor Emeritus, Louvain University, Belgium: We collected more than 2000 adult blood samples. Much later, he gave them to experts to see if there might be traces of HIV. A lab found only one zeropositive sample, subsequently confirmed by other labs, and I believe, that in the general literature it is considered to be the first HIV/AIDS-zeropositive sample before the AIDS era. The number was L70, with L standing for Leopoldville.

We have the date - 1959. And the place - Leopoldville, former capital of the Belgian Congo, today known as Kinshasa. This first evidence of AIDS emerged more than 20 years before the rise of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in America.

Dr. Cecil Fox: So, if you went back and said, Well, HIV is related to SIV, to the monkey AIDS virus, where do humans have contact with monkeys? Well, the average person has no contact with monkeys. There are only two ways that you can have contact with monkeys that I can figure. One is when you have people eat monkeys and in so doing they clean the monkey and with a sharp knife or a dull knife or what have, you can become infected that way. The other way is, is that we still, when we used vaccines, they were made from monkeys that we injected into people.

The scientific community has always favoured the hunter theory where SIV passed on into humans as a result of killing or eating chimps. However it fails to explain why AIDS has appeared only recently since monkeys have been hunted and eaten across Africa for hundreds of years.

Another more disturbing theory emerged in 1992. An article published in "Rolling Stone" magazine by freelance journalist Tom Curtis linked the origin of AIDS to the polio vaccine.

Tom Curtis: It looked that the polio campaign that dr. Koprowski had undertaken in the former Belgian Congo in the middle to late 1950s, and I did focus on that campaign because of certain geographic similarities to where scientists were saying AIDS had begun in the human population which was in this same region.

Curtis's hypothesys shook up the scientific community because it questioned the work of Hilary Koprowski, a famous researcher and pioneer of fight against polio.

Dr. Cecil Fox: There was a tremendous feeling in the scientific community that they were somehow endangered. If you had journalist writing articles in the "Rolling Stone", my God, what about our dignity! So, there was a lot of concern from that viewpoint. There was a concern that it was written by a person who was a professional journalist and that they were affraid that people would no longer immunize their children against polio.

To understand Curtis's questions about how the polio vaccine was produced in this region of Africa, let's return to the polio years. In 1958 America was still hunted by this disease which have been paralysing and killing mostly children for 50 years. In one of the largest mass vaccination campaigns ever 90 million Americans were vaccinated - a great success for modern medicine. It transformed its inventor Johnas Salk into a hero.

Archive footage, president Eisenhower: All 164 million Americans do say nothing with all the other people of the world that will profit from your discovery. I am very very happy.

The polio vaccine was the first to be derived from monkey organs. Mass commercialization created an enormous market for monkeys used both as guinea pigs and raw material from which to create the polio vaccine. In America entire shippments of macaque monkeys arrived from India and the Phillipines.

During the polio years Hilary Koprowski was a young researcher, brilliant and ambitious, determined to make a name for himself in his newly adopted country, the USA. In 1950, when Johnas Salks formula was being widely used, Koprowski began testing his own prototype of a live polio vaccine. A scandal erupted when it was discovered he'd been testing his product secretly on handicapped children in Letchworth village, New York. That didn't slow him down. He turned to the private sector to continue his testing.

On April 23, 1955, 260 children vaccinated with Johnas Salk's formula became sick. 11 died! A subsequent investigation showed that some vaccine lots were defective. Confidence in Salk's vaccine was shaken clearing the way for Koprowski. But he was no longer alone. Another scientific giant Albert Sabin was also developing a live vaccine. A race between these two men to replace the Salk vaccine turned into a battle.

Dr. Cecil Fox: So, you have these two conflicting individuals who were all working towards the same goal. And it's one of the great dramas in modern times of how they interacted and how they worked! They were willing to go and take subjects who may or may not have been informed of what they were doing. They were willing to go to the backside of the moon if admit that they could find out whether or not they had a valuable product.

To win this race they had to test. And to test they needed large non-immunized population groups, something no longer available in America. Sabin made a secret deal with his native country, the USSR, where he vaccinated more than 6 million people, in Latvia, Estonia and Kazakhstan. Koprowski chose an African country in full expansion - the Belgian Congo. A jewel of the colonial empire, it had one of Africa's best organized and most modern healthcare infrastructures at the time.

Archive footage: The Princess Astrid Institute is one of Central Africa's most important and complete laboratories. It is staffed by many personnel using ultramodern equipment to both conduct an ongoing analyses for scientific research and prepare vaccines and serums used against a range of infectious diseases. Officials are particularly concerned about the welfare of children, the future of the country. From school age, all children are subjected to medical examinations, during which each receives a health card, an actual health identity document.

There was therefore flawless subject monitoring, making the indigenous population a wonderful experimentation group.

Archive footage: Return to political quiet. After the recent disturbances Leopoldville engages in all-round fight against infantile paralysis. Crowding every clinic with mothers and their children, the latter to receive orally administered shots of a new vaccine against this curse of childhood. It is a live virus preparation developed in the US by Philadelphia's doctor Hilary Koprowski and it differs from our famed Salk vaccine in that it doesn't ....... with injections. And it must taste good if the children's recent activity meets that criterion...

Sabin and Koprowski conducted their experiments at the same time, both using a live oral polio vaccine. No AIDS cases emerged in the USSR where Sabin did his testing, but in the Congo, where Koprowski's vaccine was used, the first AIDS cases surfaced one year after the vaccination campaigns. Was there, as Curtis suggested, something different in Koprowski's vaccine? In 1958 Albert Sabin analysed Koprowski's vaccine and found it to be unstable, contaminated by an unknown virus which he designated "virus X". He told Koprowski about the findings and received this response:

"Dear Albert, I have carefully considered your extraordinary letter of November 17th, with its even more extraordinary enclosures... I cannot imagine for a moment that I would dismiss 10 years of work by another investigator with one airy wave on a intraspinal needle".

"Sir, your letter of December 1st, does not merit a reply. It is clear that dispassionate analysis and discourse are impossible for you. Sarchasm and invectives do not take the place of reproducible facts in science. Farewell, my one time friend and colleague".

Sabin moved quickly to make his findings public. In June 1960 his vaccine, deemed more reliable, was chosen to replace Salk's. Koprowski had lost the race. In his "Rolling Stone" article Tom Curtis echoed Albert Sabin's findings. Koprowski's vaccine was contaminated with a virus. He went on to say it was a monkey virus citing the African green monkey as the source. And there Curtis made a major mistake. The green monkey does not carry SIV - HIV predecessor, unlike the African chimp. This was enough to discredit Curtis's findings.

Dr. Cecil Fox: Hilary Koprowski felt that his honour had been defiled and that he had been done serious injury. The "Rolling Stone" folded under and publically apologized for having publishing the article. And that was as they say that for the time being.

The story could have ended there. But one man decided there were many questions left unanswered.

Edward Hooper, a British journalist, went to Africa to pursue the path of polio vaccinations. He was convinced that Koprowski used the SIV carrying chimpanzees to make his polio vaccine. During 17 years he interviewed hundreds of participants and observers of the period and collected thousands of relevant documents. In 1999 Hooper published the results of his research in a book of more than one thousand pages and once again the scientific community was rocked.

Footage of the cover of Hooper's book: The River - a Journey Back to the Source of HIV and AIDS.

News archive broadcast: Good evening, could AIDS have been accidentally caused by scientists? A new book claims HIV has its origins in AIDS of monkeys, that was passed onto humans when scientists in Africa used primate tissue in a mass vaccination campaign against polio. I'll be asking the book's author whether his allegations stand up.

Edward Hooper - Author, Le Vrai Journal, April 16, 2000: AIDS came about as an act of man, not as an act of God. An experimental oral polio vaccine that was prepared, I believe, in chimpanzee kidneys and chimpanzee blood, and which was fed to over a million Africans in the Belgian Congo, in Rwanda, and in Burundi, between 1957 and 1960, correlates so precisely with the forst appearances of AIDS that I think what we have here, is the root whereby this chimpanzee virus arrived in humans. 

The intensity of the debate and the depth of Hooper's research forced Hilary Koprowski to respond.

Interview of dr. Hilary Koprowski:

Dr. Hilary Koprowski: The tissue which I used were kidneys obtained from either monkeys from Phillipines or from India which was rhesus monkey, this is the normal term. And there are two other species, macaka-mulata, I forgot the name of the species of Phillipines. And this is documented by print.

Interviewer: So, you've never used chimpanzees to...?

Dr. Hilary Koprowski: Oh, never in my life!

Oddly there were no existing documents showing how Koprowski made his CHAT vaccine. But archive footage from Koprowski's chimp facility can shed some light.

Archive footage: In the Belgian Congo, Camp Polio, run by dr. Courtois, houses 86 chimpanzees, on which the vaccine invented by dr. Koprowski in 1947, is regularly tested. The animals are placed in cages with a sliding rear door that allows injections to be given without risk to the handlers. So the fight continues against one of the most terrible diseases of our time.

So Koprowski's research camp did have chimpanzees and was in fact one of the largest chimp facilities ever created to date!

Edward Hooper, Author, The River: Well, over 400 chimpanzees were brought to Lindi camp in the space of less than two years, between 1956 and 1958. And that was one or two notable exceptions, animals which were favourites, which were treated as pets, that every single one of these chimpanzees ended up dead! But question has to be why were they killed?

Hooper found an ally for his theory. Bill Hamilton was a renounced scientist, the most important evolutionary biologist since Darwin. And Hamilton felt there was a 95 % chance that this theory was correct.

News archive broadcast:

CNN Center: Is there a possibility here scientists simply don't want to know, don't want to accept, perhaps, at least the moral, if not the legal, liability for what has been done for the AIDS virus?

Bill Hamilton - Evolutionary Biologist: I feel this is so and it's one of the most worrying aspects of the case. I feel it's not only the origin of AIDS that is in question here, it is the conduct of science towards this hypothesis which has been one of almost paranoid rejection, I would say. I think I would not exaggerate and describe it as medical science's well stated hypothesis. And there seems to be a great reluctance to publish anything about it or to test any of the available evidence that could be more directly tested.

Bill Hamilton made two trips to Africa to collect chimpanzee samples. Sadly, during the second trip he contracted malaria and died in March 2000. Before his death Hamilton had asked the Royal Society of scientists in London, England, to stage a debate on the hunter versus the vaccine theory of the origin of AIDS. In his memory the conference went ahead. Edward Hooper was invited to present his evidence to Koprowski in the scientific community. It was the first time they had ever invited a non-scientist to debate a theory with renowned experts in the field.

Dr. Hilary Koprowski: I am not to defend myself, Hooper is to defend himself. Certainly, this meeting is very welcome. I think it's a good meeting, it's an unusual meeting. A journalist presents a hypothesis without facts and he had come to scientists and gave them all the scientific facts.

Edward Hooper: I think, we are gonna have a real debate today. And it's gonna be a worldwide debate! And I think that it's between Koprowski and myself. I think it's as far as more important than that.

From the opening of the conference arguments were launched agaisnt Hooper's theory. Even the date when AIDS emerged among men was challenged. But the final blow to Hooper was the suprise announcement that samples from Koprowski's vaccine had been located and tested and contained no trace of HIV, SIV or chimp DNA. That left little room for Hooper to respond.

Dr. Robin Weiss - Co-organiser of the Royal Society Conference: This did offend Ed Hooper cause he was clearly the under dog at the meeting. But science is of a cruel culture. We go by evidence and the way we may be fooled in our interpretation we may fool ourselves in misinterpreting evidence. In the end hard evidence wins the day.

But the scientific evidence that signaled the death now for the polio vaccine theory needed to be re-examined. Exactly what was tested?

Dr. Robin Weiss: The actual samples that we used in the Congo between late 1957 and the beginning of 1960, of course, don't exist anymore. They were used. But one of the samples tested was the very same lot of virus as Hooper thinks is by farther most likely to have been contaminated, that was used in the Congo - the chat 10A11.

Similar samples? May be. But the real question is, was it or was it not used in Congo?

Dr. Robin Weiss: This was discovered here in the UK who had received it in 1981 from the State Institute in Stockholm who in turn received it from the Wistar Institute around the time it was made. And it was sealed and it have never been opened.

So the sample remained sealed since it was made at Koprowski's laboratory. All one can say for certain is that it was never used in Congo. Is this enough scientific trigger to use as a decisive statement against the polio vaccine theory?

Dr. Cecil Fox: This was another event in which the scientists eventually conjoined and had a public lynching in London for the Royal Society in which they once again claimed to have labored as to the idea that HIV could have come from polio vaccine. And I don't think they did a better job than they have done before. There are still great gaping holes in their story.

We wanted to see for ourselves if SIV carrying chimpanzees were used just for testing or if their organs were used to make Koprowski's vaccine. So we return to the Congo where all took place.

This is Stanleyville, Belgian Congo's former capital. On the end's parts of town live remains of the vast Stanleyville medical laboratory. In 1957 it was a sparkling new facility where Koprowski set up his operations to produce and test his polio vaccine on the local people.

Camp Lindi which housed the chimpanzees was built on a peninsula on the Lindi river, 40 minutes upstreem from Stanleyville. To get there we had to take the road and then a ferry to cross the river.

During his research Edward Hooper had found Christophe Bayello, one of the assistants working at camp Lindi. Bayello agreed to guide us there. In the 1950s he was in charge of caring for and feeding the chimpanzees.

Christophe Bayello - Assistant Camp Lindi: When white man arrived, we were workers who didn't know anything. They came like that, they did their polio, their operations, no one knows about it except maybe the nurses! Not us, the nurses!... They know their secrets...

What secret is Bayello talking about? In the jungle only a few traces remain. But other images bring these abandoned sites back to life. These photographs were taken by Tom Norton - Koprowski's right hand man. The photos help date one of Koprowski's trips to the Congo. February 1957. It corresponds to an event. The first big influx of chimpanzees to Camp Lindi. More than one hundred chimpanzees, an exorbitant number captured in about 15 days.

An important visit, it's immortalized with a symbolic handshake between the two cofounders - dr. Courtois and Hilary Koprowski. On this photo are the 11 camp assistants, including Christophe Bayello and Joseph Limbaya, one of two nurses who observed first hand what was taking place at Lindi.

Interview with Joseph Limbaya:

Joseph Limbaya - Nurse at Camp Lindi: We built the camp because we put the chimps there and when I was asked to kill one of them, I killed it. I killed two, two or three each day, if the doctor asked me to, then I conducted an autopsy. I cut here, I cut everything and removed the liver... We didn't remove the flesh, but the two organs there which touch each other like that... the two balls called kidneys. The doctor took them to bring to the laboratory in Kisangani and send off to the US... to bring them to America.

Interviewer: With which doctor did you work?

Joseph Limbaya: I worked with Paul Osterrieth.

According to Joseph, Paul Osterrieth, the lab's head of virology, was in charge of killing the chimpanzees.

Christophe Bayello: Before conducting an autopsy by groups of four or five, you couldn't give the monkeys anything to eat that day. The next day they came to give an injection. The injection, that's to tranquilize them. They're sort of paralyzed, they don't have any more energy, but they're not dead, they just don't have any energy. Then you take them for the operation. We pick them up, then they go with Joseph to have the operation. After the operation we threw them aside and buried them. We didn't eat them, we threw them away. The animals are still conscious and able to see during the operations. "They speak"...

Joseph describes what he did, Bayello what he witnessed. Their two accounts revealed that the Lindi staff sistematically harvested organs from the Camp's chimps. So that's how it was, like this day in Lindi, filmed by a team member...

What Joseph and Bayello revealed was that some animals were disected alive! And the main reason in those days for harvesting living organs was to make tissue cultures, needed to make the polio vaccine.

Jacques Kanyama and Philippe Elebe both worked in the department of virology with Paul Osterrieth.

Philippe Elebe - Assistant in Virology Department, Stanleyville: We made vaccine in the virology department because... after making them, they're put into the 50 ml flasks, and we attached labels. It wasn't something... undercover. There were labels and we even wrote "anti-polio vaccine" upon them.

Interview with Jacques Kanyama:

Interviewer: Was it an oral vaccine?

Jacques Kanyama - Assistant to Dr. Osterrieth, laboratory in Stanleyville (February 12, 1958-1960): Yes.

Interviewer: And against which disease?

Jacques Kanyama: But if you look closely, it was the childhood anti-polio vaccine.

Interviewer: What proof is there that dr. Osterrieth actually developed the vaccine?

Jacques Kanyama: Me, I know he prepared it himself because when he called me, he told me to prepare the flasks. He told me: "Clean and sterilize them!", so we can introduce the vaccine. He had prepared it in a large vessel like that, sterile, and I divided it up. Since it came from far away it couldn't stay in those conditions... So it was definitely him who prepared it!

Paul Osterrieth refused to speak with us. But he was categorical in his public denial before the Royal Society when he stated: "It never would have occured to me to risk human life and my own reputation on material prepared under such primitive conditions... I categorically deny that I ever did that".

Gaston Ninane was also at Camp Lindi. He was a microbiologist who took part in the vaccination campaigns in other parts of Africa. Edward Hooper first interviewed him in November 1992 and recorded the conversation.

Record of conversation:

Gaston Ninane: The virus was cultivated on kidney cells, chimpanzee kidney cells. At this time, the tissue culture was made in a bottle like this and this was in the beginning, because the kidney cell, the chimp kidney cell, multiplies easily. And it was a good substrate for the polio virus.

Edward Hooper: So this is quite extraordinary. Now, in the end he always retracts the chimpanzee kidney cells and just says, I don't know which type of monkey kidney, but the point is here that he says that they would make it on chimpanzee kidney! I have no choice when I read "The River" but to accept his retraction, to accept his final version of events. And Gastone Ninane is now dead. But I believe very firmly that the original version that he gave me was the correct one.

The few remaining records from Camp Lindi make it clear that exams and organ extractions were conducted in a very systematic fashion. While Koprowski and Osterrieth insisted that they would never use chimp kidneys to make polio vaccines, research at that time pointed directly to the chimpanzee!

From 1953 Alexandre Jezierski, a veterinarian known by Koprowski, conducted research in Eastern Congo on behalf of the Pasteur Institute. He was looking for the best medium to use for the polio vaccine. In his comparitive study of all African monkeys, chimpanzees topped the list.

The chimp, always the chimp, genetically so close to humans! Were they used to create a vaccine given to a million African people?

Any of the Camp Lindi scientists deny that chimps were used to make the polio vaccine. But Pierre Doupagne is not so sure. He was in charge of laboratory testing at that time.

Pierre Doupagne - Chief Technician, Laboratory of Stanleyville (1949-1960): The chimpanzee was definitely involved in the development of the polio vaccine, but at which point, at which level I don't know a thing about it. I don't understand why there's so much talk about the chimpanzees if it didn't have something to do with... a scientific goal. But we certainly used them for scientific research purposes. No, I don't have anything else to say. I've already spoken enough as it is. I've even said too much.

Two months after our meeting Edward Hooper saw Doupagne and during this recorded conversation he says a bit more.

Edward Hooper: ...the making of the culture...

Pierre Doupagne: The culture was sterile. I gave the sterile culture to Osterrieth and Ninane... to do what, I don't know.

Edward Hooper: Let me ask you one more thing here, before I go. How many times then would you say that you were making the sterile tissue from chimps for Osterrieth?

Pierre Doupagne: A long time.

Edward Hooper: A long time...?

Pierre Doupagne: ...yes.

Doupagne sheds light on the true situation at the time. And it makes sense that the polio vaccine would have been made locally for the vaccination campaigns in Africa.

Edward Hooper: And then I discovered that routinely all the people who were making the oral polio vaccine used one particular method. They didn't send gallons of that vaccine overseas that would have been logisticly a very very difficult process, they sent a small amount. They sent typically one flask, may be a hundred cc of vaccine. And each of those polio vaccine makers had another laboratory, laboratory near to where the vaccination was taking place, grow the vaccine up in locally available tissue culture.

So Albert Sabin sent his vaccine to places like Hungary and the Soviet Union in 1957 and it was grown up locally in laboratories in Budapest, in Moscow, in Leningrad and so forth. From Paris Pierre Lepine from the Pasteur Institute, he sent his vaccines out to places such as Brazzaville, in Congo Brazaville, it was then French Equatorial Africa. And there again apparently they grew up the vaccine virus in the locally available tissue culture. There the ….......... monkey was .............

So basically although there was great control being exerted about how they developed the vaccine itself, how they attenuated the vaccine, they then grew it up in what was affectably locally available tissue. Now they did their best, I am sure, to make sure that monkeys, primates they used, which were healthy, which didn't appear to be sick, but there was no final check made as to the material that was being fed to human beings. It was assumed that this stuff, the cells from the locally available primate, was gonna be safe.

This contradicts Paul Osterrieth's testimony before the Royal Society where he insisted that the polio vaccine could never have been prepared in Stanleyville. But in one of the labs rare remaining official documents we found 250.000 doses made for 250.000 people!

Interview with local people from Burundi:

Amelie Ndababaye - Villager, Gihanga, Burundi: No adult could be late... and everyone had to attend. The children, either we carried them or they walked. It was an important vaccine! No one could miss out. It was a serious obligation, very strict!

Interviewer: What happened if someone refused to be vaccinated?

Jean Ngezahayo - Villager, Gihanga, Burundi: If someone hadn't been vaccinated, there were chiefs. They knew in which houses to find them... No one was sent to jail, but we were ordеred to accept the vaccine.

Between 1956 and 1960 more than one million people were ordered to receive Koprowski's chat vaccine. When this was revealed the WHO immediately condemned these experiments.

Edward Hooper: It would be absolutely unfair if responsibility for this sequence of events for the making of the vaccine in chimpanzee cells was to be put solely on the shoulders of Paul Osterrieth. He was the corporal sergeant but we must look for the generals here. His boss Ghislain Courtois the head of the medical laboratory in Stanleyville clearly approved this course of action, there's no doubt about that. And just a few months before he began making the vaccine in chimp cells, Osterrieth was being trained in tissue culture techniques at the Wistar Institute, at the specific request of Hilary Koprowski. The person with overall responsibilty for this sequence of events without a doubt is dr. Koprowski. Without his approval, without his direction, this sequence of events would not have taken place!

Hilary Koprowski: I've no knowledge about it, I don't think the Belgians have knowledge about it, you should take his evidence as grain of salt.

Interviewer: Is it possible that this was done without your knowing, that chimpanzee kidneys were used without your knowing about it?

Hilary Koprowski: No, there was no possibility to do something like that!

From our trip to the Congo we learned that the Lindi chimps and the Stanleyville laboratory facilitated the local production of the chat vaccine. But does that resolve the question of where AIDS originated? The impossibility of testing or gaining acess to the Congo samples if they still exist will always cast a shadow upon the answer. For the moment in the scientific community the polio vaccine theory is dead. But the extraordinary convergence of Koprowski's polio vaccination campaigns with the epicentre of AIDS might encourage them to investigate Edward Hooper's theory more closely. At the very least questions have been raised about using monkey organs to make polio vaccines.

Dr. Cecil Fox: We should have stopped using monkey kidney tissues, I think, for virus production in 1960. And we've continued to do so. The drug companies are the ones who really determine this. They have developed facilities, they develop processes that would cost them a lot of money if they had to do it in a different way. I think what makes me physically angry is the fact that we now have the genetic ability to make synthetic polio vaccine from recombinant proteins. And we are not doing it! That we continue to take monkey parts and inject them into children!

中共利益集团内部的权势斗争 CUỘC TRANH GIÀNH QUYỀN LỰC TRONG NỘI BỘ CÁC TẬP ĐOÀN LỢI ÍCH CỦA ĐẢNG CỘNG SẢN TRUNG QUỐC

中共利益集团内部的权势斗争	CUỘC TRANH GIÀNH QUYỀN LỰC TRONG NỘI BỘ CÁC TẬP ĐOÀN LỢI ÍCH CỦA ĐẢNG CỘNG SẢN TRUNG QUỐC
博讯论坛	Diễn đàn Boxun
30-3-2012	30-3-2012
中共党内的矛盾，从来就不是什么路线斗争，而始终都是帮派体系的权势斗争，所谓路线斗争，不过是个冠冕堂皇的幌子。中共，是十九世纪末以苏俄为首的第三国际派生出来的产物①，乱世英雄出四方，虽然当时的国际大气候造就了中共，但中共的根基是农民和小资产阶级的混合体，这注定了它从成立那天起，就是个由大小政治野心家组成的利益集团，它所建立的政权，和洪秀全的太平天国，李自成的大顺王朝都是一个性质。	Mâu thuẫn trong nội bộ Đảng cộng sản Trung Quốc xưa nay không phải là đấu tranh đường lối gì, mà trước sau đều là đấu tranh quyền thế của hệ thống bang phái, cái gọi là đấu tranh đường lối chẳng qua chỉ là cao chiêu. Đảng cộng sản Trung Quốc là sản phẩm được sinh ra từ Quốc tế III do Liên Xô đứng đầu vào cuối thế kỷ 19①, loạn thế anh hùng xuất tứ phương, tuy bầu không khí quốc tế khi ấy đã tạo ra Đảng cộng sản Trung Quốc , nhưng nền tảng của Đảng cộng sản Trung Quốc là thể hỗn hợp giữa nông dân với giai cấp tiểu tư sản, điều này đã ấn định ngay từ ngày thành lập, nó là tập đoàn lợi ích được hợp thành từ những nhà có dã tâm chính trị, chính quyền do nó lập ra hoàn toàn đồng tính chất với Thái bình Thiên quốc của Hồng Tú Toàn, Đại thuận Vương triều của Lý Tự Thành.