Powerful Black Hole- Hố đen khủng khiếp

Powerful Black Hole- Hố đen khủng khiếp

A black hole is a region of space in which the gravitational
field is so powerful that nothing can escape after having
fallen past the event horizon.

The name comes from the fact that even electromagnetic
radiation (e.g. light) is unable to escape, rendering the
interior invisible.

However, black holes can be detected if they interact with
matter outside the event horizon, for example by drawing
in gas from an orbiting star.

The gas spirals inward, heating up to very high temperatures
and emitting large amounts of radiation in the process.

While the idea of an object with gravity strong enough
to prevent light from escaping was proposed in the 18th century,
black holes as presently understood are described by Einstein's theory
of general relativity,developed in 1916.

This theory predicts that when a large enough amount of mass is
present within a sufficiently small region of space, all paths through
space are warped inwards towards the center of the volume,
forcing all matter and radiation to fall inward.

While general relativity describes a black hole as a region of empty
space with a pointlike singularity at the center and an event horizon at
the outer edge, the description changes when the effects of quantum
mechanics are taken into account.

Research on this subject indicates that, rather than holding captured
matter forever, black holes may slowly leak a form of thermal energy
called Hawking radiation.

However, the final, correct description of black holes, requiring a
theory of quantum gravity, is unknown.

The Famous "Blue Diamond"- Viên kim cương xanh nổi tiếng

The Famous "Blue Diamond"- Viên kim cương xanh nổi tiếng

A London jeweller smashed a 20-year-old world record today (10/8/2007) by paying more
than a million dollars per carat for a flawless blue diamond.
Alisa Mousaieff bought the gem for £3.91 million at an auction in Hong Kong after obsessively
watching the rare blue gem change hands for more than two decades.
The diamond went for $1.32 million (£650,000) per carat beating the previous record set by
the “Hancock Red” diamond, which fetched $926,000 (£456,000) per carat in New York in
April 1987.

It will be brought back to London but not for display to the public. The stone will be locked
away in the vaults at Moussaieff Jewellers in Mayfair. Ms Moussaieff, the owner, explained
that it will be shown only to “legitimate hard-nosed business clients”. While not a large diamond,
the most expensive pound for pound gemstone ever sold is so valuable because of its
immaculate cut and vivid blue colour. The blue hue is a result of trace amounts of boron in
the stone's crystal structure.

Pink and red diamonds can be mined in several locations across the world including Brazil,
India and Australia, but blues are now mostly found at just one site on earth - at a mine in
South Africa. Ms Moussaieff said that rarity combined with the lustre of this particular stone
madeit irresistible.“It seems the blue diamond mines are extinct – nothing is coming out from
mother earth anymore. I have stopped seeing any from South Africa,” she said.
“It’s the colour, the purity and "the life" of the stone.
The life of the stone is the water, the shimmer inside the diamond. Its cut and the number of
carats may appear on the certificate, but the life you have to see.

“Size is not always what matters, what matters is quality.”
Blue diamonds have long captivated the rich and powerful. The famous "Hope Diamond",
a 45.52 carat grey-blue stone, was passed down through the ages by King Louis XIV
of France, Marie Antoinette.
It now rests in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C.

The Sultan of Brunei is thought to have snapped up another massive blue diamond when it
surfaced briefly on the market in the 1980s. The jewellery sale by Sotherby’s in Hong Kong
raised more than £20 million, including £640,000 for the "Irving Berlin" emerald, a long 47.60
carat necklace previously owned by the celebrated US composer and lyricist.

Shadow Of Chernobyl- Bóng tối Chernobyl

Shadow Of Chernobyl- Bóng tối Chernobyl

The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators in the context of a system where training was minimal. It was a direct consequence of Cold War isolation and the resulting lack of any safety culture.	Thảm họa tháng 4 năm 1986 tại nhà máy điện hạt nhân Chernobyl ở Ukraine là sản phẩm của một thiết kế lò phản ứng sai lầm của Liên Xô cùng với những lỗi nghiêm trọng do những người điều hành nhà máy gây ra trong bối cảnh của một hệ thống mà sự đào tạo chỉ ở mức tối thiểu. Đó là một hậu quả trực tiếp của cách ly do chiến tranh lạnh và một hậu quả của nó là sự thiếu hụt văn hóa an toàn.
The accident destroyed the Chernobyl-4 reactor and killed 30 people, including 28 from radiation exposure. A further 209 on site and involved with the clean-up were treated for acute radiation poisoning and among these, 134 cases were confirmed (all of whom apparently recovered). Nevertheless 19 of these subsequently died from effects attributable to the accident. Nobody off-site suffered from acute radiation effects. However, large areas of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and beyond were contaminated in varying degrees.	Vụ tai nạn đã phá hủy lò phản ứng Chernobyl-4 và giết chết 30 người, bao gồm 28 người bị phơi nhiễm phóng xạ. Thêm 209 người khác có mặt tại hiện trường và tham gia làm sạch phóng xạ đã được điều trị ngộ độc phóng xạ cấp tính và trong số này, 134 trường hợp đã được xác nhận (tất cả họ dường như đã hồi phục). Tuy nhiên 19 người trong số này sau đó qua đời do các hậu quả đươch cho là có liên quan tới sự cố. Không ai ở vùng bên ngoài bị ảnh hưởng phóng xạ cấp tính. Tuy nhiên, nhiều khu vực của rộng lớn của Belarus, Ukraine, Nga và những vùng xa hơn đã bị ô nhiễm ở mức độ khác nhau.
The Chernobyl disaster was a unique event and the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power where radiation-related fatalities occurred. However, its relevance to the rest of the nuclear industry outside the then Eastern Bloc is minimal.	Thảm họa Chernobyl là một sự kiện độc đáo và tai nạn duy nhất xảy ra trong lịch sử điện hạt nhân thương mại mà xảy ra tử vong liên quan đến phóng xạ. Tuy nhiên, sự liên quan của nó với phần còn lại của ngành công nghiệp hạt nhân bên ngoài Khối Đông Âu lúc đó là tối thiểu.

The accident	Vụ tai nạn
On 25 April, prior to a routine shut-down, the reactor crew at Chernobyl-4 began preparing for a test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power following a loss of main electrical power supply. Similar tests had already been carried out at Chernobyl and other plants, despite the fact that these reactors were known to be very unstable at low power settings.	Ngày 25 tháng Tư, trước khi đóng cửa thường quy, nhân viên lò phản ứng Chernobyl-4 đã bắt đầu chuẩn bị cho kỳ kiểm tra để xác định tuabin sẽ quay bao lâu để cung cấp điện sau khi mất nguồn cung cấp điện chính. Những thử nghiệm tương tự trước đó đã được thực hiện tại Chernobyl và các nhà máy khác, dù thực tế là các lò phản ứng được biết đến là rất không ổn định ở các chế độ điện năng thấp.
A series of operator actions, including the disabling of automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the attempted test early on 26 April. As flow of coolant water diminished, power output increased. When the operator moved to shut down the reactor from its unstable condition arising from previous errors, a peculiarity of the design caused a dramatic power surge.	Một loạt các hành động vận hành, bao gồm việc vô hiệu hoá cơ chế tự động tắt máy, thực hiện trước các thử nghiệm vào đầu ngày 26 tháng tư. Do dòng nước làm mát giảm, công suất đầu ra tăng lên. Khi những người vận hành chuyển sang đóng cửa lò phản ứng do tình trạng không ổn định của nó phát sinh từ các lỗi trước đó, một tính chất đặc thù của thiết kế lò đã gây ra một sự đột biến năng lượng mạnh mẽ.
The fuel elements ruptured and the resultant explosive force of steam lifted off the cover plate of the reactor, releasing fission products to the atmosphere. A second explosion threw out fragments of burning fuel and graphite from the core and allowed air to rush in, causing the graphite moderator to burst into flames.	Các thanh nhiên liệu bị vỡ và các kết quả là sựu nổ hơi nước đã nhấc bỗng mái che lò phản ứng, phát tán sản phẩm phân hạch vào khí quyển. Một vụ nổ thứ hai ném các mảnh vỡ của nhiên liệu đang cháy và than chì từ lõi và cho phép không khí đi vào bên trong, khiến cho bộ phận điều hòa than chì bốc cháy.
There is some dispute among experts about the character of this second explosion. The graphite burned for nine days, causing the main release of radioactivity into the environment. A total of about 14 EBq (1018 Bq) of radioactivity was released, half of it being biologically-inert noble gases.	Có một số tranh chấp giữa các chuyên gia về đặc tính của vụ nổ thứ hai này. Than chì cháy trong chín ngày, gây ra việc phát tán phóng xạ chính ra môi trường. Tổng cộng có khoảng 14 EBq (1018 Bq) phóng xạ đã phát tán, một nửa số này là loại khí trơ sinh học. Xem thêm nối chuỗi các sự kiện.
Some 5000 tonnes of boron, dolomite, sand, clay and lead were dropped on to the burning core by helicopter in an effort to extinguish the blaze and limit the release of radioactive particles.	Khoảng 5000 tấn boric, dolomit, đất sét, cát và chì được thả xuống lõi lò đang cháy bằng trực thăng trong một nỗ lực nhằm dập tắt ngọn lửa và hạn chế phát tán các hạt phóng xạ.

Long Train Running- Hành trình tàu hỏa đường dài

Long Train Running- Hành trình tàu hỏa đường dài

Eurostar Shoots to London in Record Time

The Eurostar train service between Paris and London almost broke two
hours today. The new high-speed line might help it better compete with
low-cost airlines. The Eurostar train that connects Britain and continental
Europe through the Channel Tunnel broke a speed record Tuesday on its
Paris to London route.

Filled with journalists and public officials for the record-breaking
attempt, the train completed its journey between Paris's Gare du Nord
terminal and the new St. Pancras train station in central London in 2
hours, 3 minutes and 39 seconds.

Normal time for the journey between the French station and London's
Waterloo International station is 2 hours 35 minutes. The service will
switch to the new St. Pancras station when it begins public operations
on Nov. 14.

The train left France at 10:44 a.m. Paris time and treated its
passengers to free coffee and champagne until it arrived at 11:47 a.m.
London time in a station which was empty except for a loud orchestra
playing a welcome.

The train is now running faster due to improvements made on the British
side of the line's service. Up until now, the train was limited to lower
speeds as it shared lines with slower moving local trains. A new 68 mile
(109 km) track known as High Speed 1 was specifically built for the
Eurostar at a cost of 5.8 billion pounds ($11.7 billion, €8.6 billion)
on the stretch between the coastal city of Folkestone and its
destination in London.

Eurostar is a train service connecting the UK with Paris (Gare du Nord),
Lille and Brussels (Brussels South). Trains cross the English Channel
via the Channel Tunnel. In Southern England, a new railway line has been
built to the same high-speed LGV standards used in France. The two-phase
Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) project has been partially in operation
since 2003, reducing times to and from London Waterloo. Eurostar have
announced that upon completion of the CTRL into London St Pancras, the
finished railway will be branded as High Speed 1 to the public from
November 14, 2007 onwards.

Since the first revenue-earning Eurostar trains ran in November 1994,
Eurostar has established a dominant share of the market on the routes it
serves. In November 2004, ten years after the start of services,
Eurostar stated that their share of the combined rail/air market share
had grown to 68% for London-Paris and 63% for London-Brussels. As an
ecological pointer, the company noted that these passenger figures
represented a saving of 393,000 carbon dioxide-producing short-haul
flights.

From 2003, the journey time from London to Paris has been 2 hours 35
minutes with London to Brussels slightly faster at 2 hours 20 minutes.
In November 2007, times from London to the Channel Tunnel will be cut by
20 minutes, when the construction of the full CTRL is complete. CTRL
Section 2 (CTRL2) will bring the British portion of the route up to the
same standards as the French and Belgian LGV high-speed sections,
allowing 300 km/h running.

On 4th September 2007, a special record-breaking train left Paris Gare
du Nord at 10.44 (9.44 BST) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3
mins 39 seconds. French driver Francis Queret took the train through
France, while a Briton, Neil Meare, took control of train-set 3223/24
passing through Kent. Transporting journalists and railway workers, the
train was the first passenger-carrying arrival at the new North London
station.

Works about to finish near Brussels South will additionally provide a 4
minute improvement for all Brussels-bound services. Completion of the
dedicated rail link on the British side will allow a significant
potential increase in the number of Eurostar trains serving London.
Grade separation of the CTRL from UK domestic railway services through
Kent, means that timetabling for Eurostar train paths will be unaffected
by peak hour restrictions. After CTRL2 is completed, up to eight trains
per hour in each direction will be able to travel from London to
Continental Europe, moving the bottleneck in capacity to the Channel
Tunnel itself.

Some Eurostar services stop en route to Brussels and Paris. Current
intermediate stations are Ashford International, then Calais-Fréthun and
Lille-Europe in northern France. In addition to the two main destination
cities and their intermediate stops, Eurostar also run daily services to
Disneyland Paris, a weekly summer-time Avignon service and twice weekly
to Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne and Moutiers in the French Alps
for the ski season.

From the 14th of November 2007 all Eurostar trains will be routed via
the CTRL from the newly redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras
International. St Pancras station is being extensively rebuilt and
extended in length to cope with the 394 m Eurostar trains with the
surrounding area being regenerated as King's Cross Central. Originally
the company behind Eurostar had announced its intention to retain some
services to the existing Waterloo International terminal, a plan that
has been ruled out on cost grounds. Some trains to Continental Europe
will serve new stations at Stratford International station in East
London and Ebbsfleet International station in northwest Kent. Stratford
station will be renamed Stratford Regional station when the adjacent
Stratford International station is opened. Services stopping at Ashford
International will be reduced to allow peak-time services to stop
instead at Ebbsfleet. Withdrawing services from a station opened only a
decade ago provoked controversy from the local community, but Eurostar
has rejected accusations that it is "moth-balling" Ashford
International. On 3 April 2007 a petition with 8,000 signatures was
taken to London Waterloo calling for an [EU] enquiry into the impact of
the reduced services from Ashford International.

Eurotunnel, the company that built and runs the Channel Tunnel, is a
completely separate entity from Eurostar.

Eurostar's inaugural journey from Paris to London via a new 186 mph
(300 km/h) high-speed line will arrive at St. Pancras International
station, instead of Waterloo, for the first time. Travel time from Paris
to London will be reduced by 20 minutes and will be available to the
public on 14 November. St. Pancras' revamp and upgrading cost £5.8bn.

On September 4, 2007, the train will pass through the new £100M Ebbsfleet
International station near Dartford, Kent. St. Pancras station will be
connected to the site of the 2012 Olympics at Stratford, London.

Beautiful Mind- Trí tuệ mỹ miều - Leonardo da Vinci

Beautiful Mind- Trí tuệ mỹ miều

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci , April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an
Italian polymath: scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter,
sculptor, architect, musician and writer. Born at Vinci in the region of Florence,
the illegitimate son of a notary, Messer Piero, and a peasant girl, Caterina,
Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter,
Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico
il Moro in Milan where several of his major works were created. He also worked
in Rome, Bologna and Venice, spending his final years in France at the home
given him by King François I.

Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the "Renaissance man"
or universal genius, a man whose seemingly infinite curiosity was equalled only by
his powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters
of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.
It is primarily as a painter that Leonardo was and is renowned. Two of his works, the
Mona Lisa and The Last Supper occupy unique positions as the most famous, most
reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, their fame
approached only by Michelangelo's Creation of Adam.
Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also iconic. Perhaps fifteen paintings survive,
the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with
new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless these few works, together
with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the
nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by
that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.
As an engineer, Leonardo conceived ideas vastly ahead of his own time, conceptualising
a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, and the double hull, and outlining
a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or
even feasible during his lifetime, but some of his smaller inventions such as an automated
bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire entered the world of
manufacturing unheralded. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the
fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics.